Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | Online Publication Date: 21 Feb 2006
Northern Theory, Southern Protest: Opportunity Structure Analysis in Cross-National Perspective
Northern Theory, Southern Protest: Opportunity Structure Analysis in Cross-National Perspective
Page Range: 175 – 189
The study of protest outside the industrial North is largely under-theorized. This article extends the political process model and particularly its opportunity structure component to cases of Southern protest. It begins by investigating the model's central variables and relationships and then considers how to render them with enough flexibility to accommodate new cases outside the industrial North. Three questions are asked. First, how do movement networks' internal social connections vary across settings? Second, how do variations in state strength and elaboration influence protest? Third, how does the relationship between the movement's social structure and its external political environment shape its opportunities? The article considers how political opportunity can illuminate new cases if it is used in connection with specific collective forms that are both encouraged by structures external to the movement and responsive to the needs and constraints produced by the movement's internal structure.
Ryan, Bryce. 1958. Sinhalese Village. Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1993. "Contentious Repertoires in Britain, 1758-1843." Social Science History 17: 253-280.
Lofland, John. 1985. Studies in Collective Behavior, and Social Movements. New Brunswick, and Oxford: Transaction Books.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1994a. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hinton. William. 1966. Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village. New York: Vintage Books. Hirsch, Eric L. 1986. "The Creation of Political Solidarity in Social Movement Organizations," Sociological Quarterly, 27 (3): 373-387.
Hutchcroft, Paul. 1991. "Oligarchs, and Cronies in the Philippine State." World Politics (43)3: 414-450.
Jenkins, Craig J. 1983. "Resource Mobilization Theory, and the Study of Social Movements." Annual Review of Sociology 9: 527-553.
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1986. "Political Opportunity Structures, and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies." British Journal of Political Science. 16:57-85.
Kohli, Atul, Joel S. Migdal, and Vivienne Shue. 1994. State Power, and Social Forces: Domination, and Transformation in the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Doug McAdam. 1995. "Political Opportunities: Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions." Pp. 23-40 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald, eds New York: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John, and Zald, Mayer. 1977. "Resource Mobilization, and Social Movements: A Partial Theory." American Journal of Sociology. (82).
Popkin, Samuel L. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Race, Jeffrey. 1972. War Comes to Long An, Revolutionary Conflict in a Vietnamese Province. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Race, Jeffrey." 1974. Towards an Exchange Theory of Revolution." In Peasant Rebellion, and Communist Revolution in Asia, John Wilson Lewis, ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1981. "Introduction." Pp. 3-19 in Class Conflict, and Collective Action, in Louise A. Tilly, and Charles Tilly, eds. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Tilly, Charles. 1974. "Town, and Country in Revolution." Pp. 271-302 in Peasant Rebellion, and Communist Revolution in Asia, Lewis, John Wilson, ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Touraine, Alain. 1988. The Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Post-Industrial Society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Wolf, Eric. 1973. Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century. New York: Harper, and Row.
Wolf, Eric. 1966. Peasants. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Paige, Jeffrey. 1975. Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements, and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World. New York: Free Press.
Zald, Mayer N., and Michael A. Berger. 1983. "Social Movements in Organizations: Coup d'Etat, Bureaucratic Insurgency, and Mass Movement." The American Journal of Sociology 83: 823-61.
Meyer, David S. 1990. A Winter of Discontent: The Nuclear Freeze, and American Politics. New York: Praeger.
Migdal, Joel S. 1974. Peasants, Politics, and Revolution: Pressures Toward Political, and Social Change in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Panitch, Leo. 1980. "Recent Theorizations of Corporatism: Reflections on a Growth Industry." British Journal of Sociology (31): 159-87.
Piven, Francis Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1977. Poor People's Movement's: How They Succeed, Why They Fail. New York: Pantheon Books.
Boudreau, Vincent. 1996. "Of Motorcades, and Masses: Demobilization, and Innovation in Philippine Protest," in The Left Falters: The Left in Philippine Politics After 1986, P. N. Abinales ed. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Press.
Brockett, Charles. 1991. "The Structure of Political Opportunities, and Peasant Mobilization in Central America." Comparative Politics 23(3): 253-274.
Castells, Manuel. 1990. The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach, Trans. Alan Sheridan. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Edelman, Robert. 1987. Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia's Southwest. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Eisinger, Peter. 1973. "The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities," American Political Science Review 67: 11-28.
Emmanuel, Arghiri. 1972. Unequal Exchange. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Fireman, Bruce, and William Gamson 1979. "Utilitarian Logic in the Resource Mobilization Perspective." Pp. 8-44 in The Dynamics of Social Movements, Mayer N. Zald, and John D. Mccarthy, eds. Cambridge: Winthrop.
Gamson, William, and Meyer, David S. 1996. "Framing Political Opportunity." Pp. 275-302 in Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing: Comparative Applications of Contemporary Movement Theory, Doug McAdam, John Mccarthy, and Meyer Zald, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hannigan, John A. 1985. "Alain Touraine, Manuel Castells, and Social Movement Theory: A Critical Appraisal," The Sociological Quarterly, 26: 435-454.
Smelser, Neil J. 1962. Theory of Collective Behavior. New York: The Free Press.
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States, and Social Revolution: A Comparative Study of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scott, James C. 1986. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shue, Vivienne. 1988. The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion, and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Anderson, Perry. 1993. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: Verso Press.
Bailey, F. G. 1957. Caste, and the Economic Frontier, A Village in Highland Oriss. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1993. "Social Protest, and Policy Reform: May 1968, and the Loi d'Orientation." Comparative Political Studies (25): 579-607.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1989. Struggle, Politics, and Reform: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Cycles of Protest. Cornell University: Western Societies Paper No. 21.
Moe, T. M. 1980. The Organization of Interests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mullin, Gerald. 1972. Flight, and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth Century Virginia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1986. The Contentious French. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Samir, Amin. 1974. Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Doug McAdam. 1982. The Political Process, and the Development of the Black Insurgency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rodney, Walter. 1973. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L'Overture Publications.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1994b. "Social Movements, and Democratic Development," Center for the Study of Social Change, Working Paper No. 190. New York: New School for Social Research.
Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods, and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Landsberg, Harry, ed. 1974. Rural Protest: Peasant Movements, and Social Change. London: MacMillian.
Lewis, John Wilson, ed. 1974. Peasant Rebellion, and Communist Revolution in Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.