Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
| Online Publication Date: 15 Apr 2009
Organization and Place in the Anti-U.S. Chinese Student Protests After the 1999 Belgrade Embassy Bombing
Organization and Place in the Anti-U.S. Chinese Student Protests After the 1999 Belgrade Embassy Bombing
Page Range: 107 – 129
While early studies of participant mobilization in contentious politics stress the roles of organizations and networks in mobilization, more recent scholarship emphasizes the importance of place. This article treats organization-based mobilization and place-based mobilization as two mechanisms of participant mobilization and tries to find a way to understand the relationships between them. By examining different styles of student mobilization during the 1999 anti-U.S. protests at three Beijing universities, each with similarly built environments and spatial student routines, this article shows that the built environment played a crucial role in student mobilizations where there was less organizational involvement, and a small role when mobilization processes were more organized. In short, less-organized protests may be compelled to rely on placed-based mobilization tactics.
Bayat, Asef. 1997. Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran. New York: Columbia University Press.
Costain, Anne N., and Andrew S. McFarland. 1998. Social Movements and American Political Institutions. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dionne, E.J. Jr. 1999. "China Pall a Revealing Reaction to Embassy Bombing." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 13.
Feagin, Joe R., and Harlan Hahn. 1973. Ghetto Revolts: The Politics of Violence in American Cities. New York: Macmillan Company.
Fernandez, Roberto M., and Doug McAdam. 1988. "Social Networks and Social Movements: Multiorganizational Fields and Recruitment to Mississippi Freedom Summer." Sociological Forum 3: 357-82.
Festinger, Leon, Stanley Schachter, and Kurt Back. 1950. Social Pressures in Informal Groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fewsmith, Joseph. 2001. China since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fogelson, Robert M. 1971. Violence as Protest: A Study of Riots and Ghettos. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Forney, Matt, and Ian Johnson. 1999. "Model Students: Chinese Government Orchestrates Protest of Embassy Bombing." Wall Street Journal (Europe Edition), May 10.
Gieryn, Thomas F. 2000. "A Space for Place in Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 26: 463-96.
Gould, Roger V. 1991. "Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871." American Sociological Review 56: 716-29.
Gould, Roger V. 1993. "Collective Action and Network Structure." American Sociological Review 58: 182-196.
Gould, Roger V. 1995. Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hedstrom, Peter. 1994. "Contagious Collectivities: On the Spatial Diffusion of Swedish Trade Unions, 1890-1940." American Journal of Sociology 99: 1157-79.
Heirich, Max. 1971. The Spiral of Conflict: Berkeley 1964. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hershkovitz, Linda. 1993. "Tiananmen Square and the Politics of Place." Political Geography 12: 395-420.
Klandermans, Bert, and Dirk Oegema. 1987. "Potentials, Networks, Motivations and Barriers: Steps toward Participation in Social Movements." American Sociological Review 52: 519-31.
Kolatch, Jonathan. "Behind the Chinese Riot." The Washington Post, May 11.
Lawrence, Susan, and Shawn Crispin 1999. "Double-Edged Fury." Far Eastern Economic Review, May 20.
Li, Cheng. 2001. China's Leaders: The New Generation. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Liu, Yong. 2000. Meiti Zhongguo (Media's China). Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe.
Lofland, John. 1970. "The Youth Ghetto." Pp.756-78 in The Logic of Social Hierarchies, edited by Edward Laumann, Paul M. Siegel, and Robert W. Hodge. Chicago: Marrham Publishing Company.
Martin, Deborah G., and Byron Miller 2003. "Space and Contentious Politics." Mobilization 8: 143-156.
Marwell, Gerald, and Pamela Oliver. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McAdam, Doug. 1986. "Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer." American Journal of Sociology 92: 64-90.
McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John D. 1987. "Pro-life and Pro-choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies." Pp.49-66 in Social Movements in an Organizational Society, edited by Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
McCarthy, John D. 1996. "Constraints and Opportunities in Adopting, Adapting, and Inventing." Pp.141-151 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1973. The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Corporation.
Michels, Robert. 1962. Political Parties. New York: Collier Books.
Meyer, David S., and Sidney Tarrow. 1998. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Miller, Byron A. 2000. Geography and Social Movements. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1979. Poor People's Movement. New York: Vintage Books.
Polletta, Francesca. 1999. "‘Free Spaces’ in Collective Action." Theory and Society 28: 1-38.
Polletta, Francesca. 2002. Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Routledge, Paul. 1997. "A Spatiality of Resistances: Theory and Practice in Nepal's Revolution of 1990." Pp. 68-86 in Geographies of Resistance, edited by Steve Pile and Michael Keith. London: Routledge.
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne H. Stephens, and John D. Stephens. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sewell, William H. Jr. 2001. "Space in Contentious Politics." Pp.51-88 in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Ronald R. Aminzade, Jack A. Goldstone, Doug McAdam, and Elizabeth J. Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Snow, David A., Louis A. Zurcher, and Sheldon Ekland-Olson. 1980. "Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment." American Sociological Review 45: 787-801.
Stillerman, Joel. 2003. "Space, Strategies, and Alliances in Mobilization: The 1960 Metalworkers' and Coal Miners' Strikes in Chile." Mobilization 8: 65-85.
Tarrow, Sidney. 2001. "Introduction." Pp.1-14 in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Ronald R. Aminzade, Jack A. Goldstone, Doug McAdam, and Elizabeth J. Perry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tilly, Charles. 2000. "Spaces of Contention." Mobilization 5: 135-159.
Tilly, Charles, and R.A. Schweitzer. 1982. "How London and its Conflicts Changed Shape: 1758-1834." Historical Methods 15: 67-77.
Traugott, Mark. 1995. "Capital Cities and Revolution." Social Science History 19: 147-168.
Wang, Jianwei. 2000. "Democratization and China's Nation Building." Pp. 49-73 in What If China Doesn't Democratize? Implications for War and Peace, edited by Edward Friedman and Barrett L. McCormick. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Wolford, Wendy. "Families, Fields, and Fighting for Land: The Spatial Dynamics of Contention in Rural Brazil." Mobilization 8:157-172.
Zhao, Dingxin. 1997. "The Decline of the Student Control System in Chinese Universities and the Rise of the 1989 Chinese Student Movement." Sociological Perspectives 40: 159-182.
Zhao, Dingxin. 1998. "Ecologies of Social Movements: Student Mobilization During the 1989 Prodemocracy Movement in Beijing." American Journal of Sociology 103: 1493-1529.
Zhao, Dingxin. 2001. Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zhao, Dingxin. 2002. "An Angle on Nationalism in China Today—Attitudes among Beijing Students after Belgrade 1999." China Quarterly 172: 885-905.
Zhao, Dingxin. 2003. "Nationalism and Authoritarianism: Student-Government Conflicts During the 1999 Beijing Student Protests." Asian Perspective 27: 5-34.
Zhao, Suisheng. 1998. "A State-led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post-Tiananmen China." Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 31: 287-302.
Zheng, Yongnian. 1999. Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China: Modernization, Identity, and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.