Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 26 Nov 2009

Cooperative Collective Action: Framing Faith-Based Community Development

Page Range: 181 – 198
DOI: 10.17813/maiq.14.2.2vq3x29k57l842q3
Save
Download PDF

Drawing from social movement and organization theories, data from an in-depth comparative analysis of three faith-based community development organizations (FBCDOs) in the United States are examined as a form of cooperative collective action. The diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames produced by each organization, and the role these frames play in developing and maintaining relationships with the state, are detailed. These collective action frames (1) link sectarian religious values to broad community development goals, and (2) do not fundamentally challenge the prevailing economic and political systems. Empirically, the findings clarify important issues and dynamics related to emerging movements, the modern welfare state, and church-state relations by specifying how values, beliefs, and structural location shape the actions of FBCDOs engaged in state-sponsored religious social service provision. Theoretically, it demonstrates the utility of more precise analytical distinctions between types of collective action and suggests new directions for research on movements for change.

Allahyari, Rebecca Anne. 2000. Visions of Charity: Volunteer Workers and Moral Community. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Babb, Sarah. 1996. "A True American System of Finance: Frame Resonance in the U.S. Labor Movement, 1866 to 1886." American Sociological Review 61: 1033-52.

Baggett, Jerome P. 2000. Habitat for Humanity Building Private Homes, Building Public Religion. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Bane, Mary Jo, Brent Coffin, and Ronald Theiman, eds. 2000. Who Will Provide? The Changing Role of Religion in American Social Welfare. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Benford, Robert D. 1997. "An Insider's Critique of the Social Movement Framing Perspective." Sociological Inquiry 67(4): 409-30.

Binder, Amy. 2007. "For Love and Money: Organizations' Creative Responses to Multiple Environmental Logics." Theory and Society 36: 547-71.

Black, Amy E., Douglas L. Koopman, and David K. Ryden. 2004. Of Little Faith: The Politics of George W. Bush's Faith-based Proposals. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Chaves, Mark. 2004. Congregations in America. Boston, MA: Harvard University.

Chaves, Mark, Laura Stephens, and Joseph Galaskiewicz. 2004. "Does Government Funding Suppress Nonprofits' Political Activity?" American Sociological Review 69(2): 292-316.

Cnaan, Ram A, Robert J Wineburg, and Stephanie C Boddie. 1999. The Newer Deal Social Work and Religion in Partnership. New York: Columbia University Press.

Creed, W.E. Douglas, Jeffrey A. Langstraat, and Maureen A. Scully. 2002. "A Picture of the Frame: Frame Analysis as Technique and as Politics." Organizational Research Methods 5(1): 34-55.

Davis, Derek, and Barry Hankins, eds. 1999. Welfare Reform & Faith-Based Organizations. Waco: J.M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, Baylor University.

Davis, Gerald F., Doug McAdam, W. Richard Scott, and Mayer N. Zald, eds. 2005. Social Movements and Organization Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Davis, Joseph E. 2002. Stories of Change Narrative and Social Movements. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Diani, Mario. 1996. "Linking Mobilization Frames and Political Opportunities." American Sociological Review 61: 1053-69.

DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. 1983. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields." American Sociological Review 48: 147-60.

Dionne, E.J. Jr., and John J. DiIulio Jr., eds. 2000. What's God Got To Do With the American Experience. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.

Donaldson, Dave, and Stanley Carlson-Theis. 2003. A Revolution of Compassion: Faith-Based Groups as Full Partners in Fighting America's Social Problems. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.

Dudley, Carl. 2000. "Congregations and Social Ministry: Preparation and Development" Pp. 30-44 in Serving Those in Need: A Handbook for Managing Faith-Based Human Services Organizations, edited by Edward L. Queen, II. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.

Edwards, Bob, and Michael Foley. 2003. "Social Movement Organizations Beyond the Beltway: Understanding the Diversity of One Social Movement Industry." Mobilization: An International Journal 8(1): 87-107.

Edwards, Bob, and Sam Marullo. 1995. "Organizational Mortality in a Declining Social Movement: The Demise of Peace Movement Organizations in the End of the Cold War Era." American Sociological Review 60: 908-27.

Fine, Gary A. 1995. "Public Narration and Group Culture: Discerning Discourse in Social Movements." 127-143 in Social Movements and Culture, edited by Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Fitzgerald, Scott T., and Ryan Spohn. 2005. "Pulpits and Platforms: The Role of the Church in Determining Protest Among Black Americans." Social Forces 84(2): 1015-1048.

Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis an Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Goodwin, Jeff, and James M. Jasper. 1999. "Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory." Sociological Forum 14(1): 27-54.

Greenberg, Anna. 2000. "Doing Whose Work? Faith-Based Organizations and Government Partnerships." Pp. 178-197 in Who Will Provide? The Changing Role of Religion in American Social Welfare, edited by Mary J. Bane, Brent Coffin, and Ronald Theimann. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Gundelach, Peter. 1989. "Effectiveness and Structure of New Social Movements." International Social Movement Research 2: 447-42.

Haines, Herbert. 1988. Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954-1970. Knoxville: University of Kentucky Press.

Hall, Peter Dobkin. 2001. "Historical Perspectives on Religion, Government and Social Welfare in America." Pp. 78-120 in Can Charitable Choice Work? edited by Andrew Walsh. Hartford, CT: Trinity College.

Hodgkinson, Virginia A., and Murray S. Weitzman. 1993. From Belief to Commitment: The Community Service Activities and Finances of Religious Congregations in the United States. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.

Jeavons, Thomas. 1994. When the Bottom Line Is Faithfulness Management of Christian Service Organizations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Jenkins, J. Craig. 1998. "Channeling Social Protest: Foundation Patronage of Contemporary Social Movements." Pp. 206-16 in Private Action and the Public Good, edited by Walter W. Powell and Elisabeth S. Clemens. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Johnston, Hank, and John A. Noakes, eds. 2005. Frames of Protest: Social Movements and the Framing Perspective. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Katz, Michael B. 1996. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America. New York: Basic Books.

Laconte, Joseph. 2001. "The Right's Doubting Thomases Are Wrong." The Wall Street Journal, May 22: A.26.

Leicht, Kevin T., and Mary L. Fennell. 2001. Professional Work a Sociological Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Lichterman, Paul. 2005. Elusive togetherness: Church groups trying to bridge America's divisions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lofland, John. 1996. Social Movement Organizations: Guide to Research on Insurgent Realities. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

Marwell, Nicole P. 2004. "Privatizing the Welfare State: Nonprofit Community-Based Organizations as Political Actors." American Sociological Review 69(2): 265-91.

McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, and Meyer N. Zald. 1996. "Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes: Toward a Synthetic Perspective on Social Movements." Pp. 1-20 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Meyer N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McCarthy, John, and Jim Castelli. 1997. "Religion-Sponsored Social Service Providers: The Not-So-Independent Sector." Nonprofit Sector Research Fund Working Paper Series. Washington, D.C.: The Aspen Institute.

Mead, Frank, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig Atwood. 2001. Handbook of Denominations in the United States, 11th ed. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.

McVeigh, Rory, and David Sikkink. 2001. "God, Politics, and Protest: Religious Beliefs and the Legitimation of Contentious Tactics." Social Forces 79: 1425-58.

McVeigh, Rory, and Christian Smith. 1999. "Who Protests in America? An Analysis of Three Political Alternatives-Inaction, Institutionalized Politics, Or Protest." Sociological Forum 14: 685-702.

Melucci, Alberto. 1996. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. 1991. "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure As Myth and Ceremony." Pp. 41-62 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Meyer, David, S., and Sidney Tarrow. 1998. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

Milofsky, Carl. 1988. "Scarcity and Community: A Resource Allocation Theory of Community and Mass Society Organizations." Pp. 16-41 in Community Organizations: Studies in Resource Mobilization and Exchange, edited by Carl Milofsky. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Minkoff, Debra C. 1993. "The Organization of Survival: Women's and Racial-Ethnic Voluntarist and Activist Organizations, 1955-1985." Social Forces 71(4): 887-908.

Minkoff, Debra C. 1999. "Bending With the Wind: Strategic Change and Adaptation by Women's and Racial Minority Organizations." American Journal of Sociology 104(6): 1666-1703.

Minkoff, Debra C. 2002. "The Emergence of Hybrid Organizational Forms: Combining Identity-Based Service Provision and Political Action." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 31(3): 377-401.

Monsma, Stephen. 1996. When Sacred and Secular Mix: Religious Nonprofit Organizations and Public Money. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Moore, Kelly. 1996. "Organizing Integrity: American Science and the Creation of Public Interest Organizations, 1955-1975." American Journal of Sociology 101(6): 1592-1627.

Noonan, Rita K. 1995. "Women Against the State: Political Opportunities and Collective Action Frames in Chile's Transition to Democracy." Sociological Forum 10(1): 81-111.

Olasky, Marvin. 1992. The Tragedy of American Compassion. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.

Orr, John. 2000. "Faith-Based Organizations and Welfare Reform: California Religious Community Capacity Study Qualitative Findings and Conclusions." University of Southern California, Center For Religion and Civic Culture.

Perkins, John, ed. 1995. Restoring at-Risk Communities Doing It Together and Doing It Right. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1982. Organizations and Organization Theory. Boston: Pitman.

Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1977. Poor People's Movements. New York: Pantheon.

Polletta, Francesca. 1998. "Contending Stories: Narrative in Social Movements." Qualitative Sociology 21: 419-46.

Polletta, Francesca. 2006. It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Pope, Liston. 1942. Millhands and Preachers: A Study of Gastonia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Ragin, Charles. 1987. The Comparative Method. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Scott, Jason D. 2003. The Scope and Scale of Faith-based Social Services. The Roundtable on Religion and Social Welfare Policy.

Salamon, Lester. 1995. Partners in Public Service: Government Relations in the Modern Welfare State. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University.

Scott, W. R. 1991. "Unpacking Institutional Arguments." Pp. 164-182 in The New Institutionalism and Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Scott, W. R., and John W. Meyer. 1991. "The Organization of Societal Sectors: Propositions and Early Evidence." Pp. 108-140 in The New Institutionalism and Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Sider, Ronald, and Heidi Unruh. 2004. "Typology of Religious Characteristics of Social Service and Educational Organizations and Programs." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 33: 109-134.

Skocpol, Theda. 2000. "Religion, Civil Society, and Social Provision in the U.S." Pp. 21-50 in Who Will Provide? The Changing Role of Religion in American Social Welfare, edited by Mary J. Bane, Brent Coffin, and Ronald Theimann. Bouler, CO: Westview Press.

Smith, Christian. 1991. The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and Social Movement Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Smith, Christian. 1996. Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social-Movement Activism. New York: Routledge.

Smith, Christian, Michael Emerson, Sally Gallagher, Paul Kennedy, and David Sikkink. 1998. American Evangelicalism Embattled and Thriving. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Smith, Steven Rathgeb, and Michael Lipsky. 1993. Nonprofits for Hire: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Smith, Steven Rathgeb and Michael Sosin. 2001. "Varieties of Faith-related Agencies." Public Administration Review 61(6): 651-70.

Snow, David, and Robert Benford. 1988. "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization." International Social Movement Research 1: 197-217.

Snow, David. 1992. "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest." Pp. 133-155 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Aldon Morris and Carol M. Mueller. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Snow, David E., Jr., S. W. Rochford, and Robert D. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes: Micromobilization and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51: 464-81.

Theimann, Ronald, Samuel Herring, and Betsy Perabo. 2000. "Responsibilities and Risks for Faithbased Organizations." Pp. 51-70 in Who Will Provide? The Changing Role of Religion in American Social Welfare, edited by Mary J. Bane, Brent Coffin, and Ronald Theimann. Boudler, CO: Westview Press.

Tschirhart, Mary, and Eric Knueve. 2000. "Identifying the Organization's Key Stake Holders." Pp. 104-118 in Serving Those in Need: A Handbook for Managing Faith-Based Human Services Organizations, edited by Edward L. Queen, II. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.

Unruh, Heidi R. 2004. "Religious Elements of Church-based Social Service Programs: Types, Variables and Integrative Strategies." Review of Religious Research 45(4): 317-35.

Vanderwoerd, James R. 2004. "How Faith-based Social Service Organizations Manage Secular Pressures Associated with Government Funding." Nonprofit Management and Leadership 14(3): 239-62.

Vidal, Avis. 2001. "Faith-Based Organizations in Community Development." The Urban Institute. Prepared for U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Wallis, Jim. 2001. "Eyes on the Prize." Pp. 146-148 in Sacred Places, Civic Purposes: Should Government Help Faith-Based Charity? edited by E. J. Dionne, Jr., and Ming H. Chen. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Warren, Mark. 2001. Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Wood, Richard L. 2002. Faith in Action: Religion, Race and Democratic Organizing in America. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Weick, Karl E. 2001. Making Sense of the Organization. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Wilson, John. 1973. Introduction to Social Movements. New York: Basic Books.

Wineburg, Robert J. 1993. "Social Policy, Community Service Development and Religious Organizations." Nonprofit Management & Leadership 3(3): 283-98.

Wuthnow, Robert. 2004. Saving America? Faith-based Services and the Future of Civil Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Wuthnow, Robert, and John H. Evans, eds. 2002. The Quiet Hand of God: Faith-Based Activism and the Public Role of Mainline Protestantism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Zald, Mayer N., and Robert A. Ash. 1966. "Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change." Social Forces 44(3): 327-41.

Zucker, Lynne G. 1987. "Institutional Theories of Organizations." Annual Review of Sociology 13: 443-64.

Zweig, Michael. 1991. Religion and Economic Justice. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

  • Download PDF