Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 21 Feb 2006

A Place Of Their Own? Women Organizers In The Maquilas Of Nicaragua And Mexico

and
Page Range: 173 – 188
DOI: 10.17813/maiq.8.2.n0u57237861h2h67
Save
Download PDF

This article compares women workers' movements in Nicaragua and Northern Mexico that have mobilized in opposition to the abuses occurring within export-processing zones (EPZs). We examine the opportunities and obstacles that such movements have faced as they seek social change via national and transnational coalitions. Our focus on gender tensions within transnational labor movements illustrates how power relations fracture the space of transnational civil society and constrain opposition to neoliberalism. Women's labor movements in both contexts confront highly gendered national and transnational political spaces, stemming in part from the hegemonic association of women with private space and men with public space. Significant differences in the opportunities for resistance emerging from local and national dynamics in Nicaragua and Mexico demonstrate that the realm of the so-called global cannot be understood as abstracted from historically situated localities.

Alemán Pérez, Paola, Diana Martinez, and Christa Windmaier. 1987. Fuerza laboral feminina en la rama textil-vestuario: Segregación, salariosy rotación. Managua: Oficina de la Mujer, Ministerio de la Presidencia.

Bandy, Joe and Jackie Smith, eds. Forthcoming. Coalitions Across Borders: Negotiating Difference and Unity in Transnational Struggles Against Neoliberalism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

Storper, Michael. 1997. The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy. New York: Guilford Press.

McAdam, Douglas. 1994. "Culture and Social Movements." Pp. 36-57 in New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity, Enrique Laraña, Hank Johnston, and Joseph Gusfield, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

McAdam, Douglas, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 1996. "To Map Contentious Politics." Mobilization 1(1): 17-34.

Mehra, Rekha, and Sarah Gammage. 1997. Employment & Poor Women—A Policy Brief on Trends and Strategies. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women, Responsive Database Services, Inc.

Smith, Neil. 1984. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Stoddard, Ellwyn R. 1987. Maquila: Assembly Plants in Northern Mexico. El Paso: University of Texas Press.

Mendez, Jennifer Bickham. 2002. "Creating Alternatives from a Gender Perspective: Central American Women's Transnational Organizing for Maquila Workers' Rights." Pp. 121-141 in Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics, Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai, eds. New York: Routledge Press.

Smith, Jackie, Charles Chatfield, and Rong Pagnucco, eds. 1997. Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Renzi, María Rosa and Sonia Agurto. 1993. ¿Qué hace la mujer nicaragüense ante la crisis economica? Managua, Nicaragua: FIDEG.

Cohen, Jean L., and Andrew Arato. 1992. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Snow, David A., E. Burke, Jr. Rochford, Steven K. Worden, Robert D. Benford. 1986, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51(4): 464-81.

Soja, Edward W. and Barbara Hooper. 1993. "The Spaces that Difference Makes," Pp. 183-205 in Place and the Politics of Identity, Michael Keith and Steve Pile, eds. London: Routledge Press.

Barry, Tom, Harry Browne and Beth Sims. 1994. The Great Divide. The Challenge of US-Mexico Relations in the 1990s. New York: Grove Press.

Dwyer, Augusta. 1995. On the Line. Life on the US-Mexican Border. London: Latin American Bureau.

Swyngedouw, Erik. 1997. "Neither Global nor Local: 'Glocalization' and the Politics of Scale." Pp. 137-66 in Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local, Kevin Cox, ed. New York: Guilford.

Tarrow, Sidney. 2001. "Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics." Annual Review of Political Science 4: 1-20.

Tiano, Susan. 1994. Patriarchy on the Line: Labor, Gender, and Ideology in the Mexican Maquila Industry. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Tong, Mary. 1998. "Two Cases of Cross-Border Organizing." Presentation. "Social Movements Across Borders" conference. Los Angeles: Social and Political Responses to Globalization in Latin America Project (LAREGLO) and Latin American Studies Program, California State University. Los Angeles. April 15.

Twin Plant News. 1999. "Indicators."

United Nations Development Program. 1999. Word Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Globalization, Gender and Work. New York: United Nations.

United Nations Development Program.2000. Human Development Report 2000. New York: Oxford University Press.

Renzi, María Rosa. 1996. "Las zonas francas en Nicaragua." El Observador Economico (52): 34-44.

Rosa, Kumudhini 1994. "The Conditions and Organizational Activities of Women in Free Trade Zones: Malaysia, Philippines and Sri Lanka, 1970-1990." In Sheila Rowbotham and Swasti Mitter, eds. Dignity and Daily Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing amoung Poor Women in the Third World and First. New York: Routledge.

Rucht, Dieter. 1999. "The Transnationalization of Social Movements: Trends, Causes, Problems." Pp. 206-22 in Social Movements in a Globalizing World, Donatella Della Porta, Hanspeter Kriese, Dieter Rucht, eds. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Naples, Nancy A. and Manisha Desai, eds. 2002. Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics. New York: Routledge Press.

Organización Internacional de Trabajo. 1996. La Situacion Sociolaboral en las Zonas Francas y Maquiladoras de Centroamérica y República Dominicana. San José, Costa Rica: Organización Internacional de Trabajo.

Needleman, Ruth. 1998. "Women Workers: Strategies for Inclusion and Rebuilding." Pp. 151-70 in A New Labor Movement for a New Century, Gregory Mantsios, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Peña, Devon G. 1997. The Terror of the Machine. Technology, Work, Gender, and Ecology on the U.S.-Mexico Border. Austin, TX: Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas, Austin.

Ramos, Sandra López. 1996. Zona Franca: Rostros de Mujer. Managua, Nicaragua: Movimiento de Mujeres Trabajadoras y Desempleadas "Maria Elena Cuadra".

Camacho, Alicia Schmidt. 1999. "On the Borders of Solidarity: Race and Gender Contradictions in the 'New Voice' Platform of the AFL-CIO." Social Justice 26(3): 79-102.

CJM Newsletter. 1999. 9(1): 10.

Safa, Helen I. 1990. "Women and Industrialization in the Caribbean." Pp. 72-97 in Women, Employment, and the Family in the International Division of Labor, Sharon Stichter and Jean L. Parpart, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Safa, Helen I.1998. "Free Markets and the Marriage Market: Structural Adjustment, Gender Relations, and Working Conditions among Dominican Women Workers." Environment and Planning 31(2): 291-304.

Sheridan, Mary Beth. 1999. "Girl, 14, may be the key to solving some Juárez murders." San Antonio Express-News. May 21. p. A4.

Sklair, Leslie. 1989. Assembling for Development. The Maquila Industry in Mexico and the United States. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.

Smith, Jackie. 1998. "Global Civil Society? Transnational Social Movement Organizations and Social Capital." American Behavioral Scientist 42(1): 93-107.

U.S. Department of Labor/National Administrative Organization. 2001. Submission No. 9701 (GENDER).

Veltmeyer, Henry, James Petras, and Steve Vieux. 1997. Neoliberalism and Class Conflict in Latin America: A Comparative Perspective on the Political Economy of Structural Adjustment. New York: St. Martin's Press.

World Bank. 2000. "Nicaragua at a Glance."

Molina, Norma and Aida Carolina Quinteros. 2000. "El monitoreo independiente en El Salvador." Pp. 82-99 in Codigos de Conducta y Monitoreo en la Industria de Confection: Experiences Internationales y Regionales, Ronald Köpke, Norma Molina and Carolina Quinteros, eds. San Salvador, El Salvador: Fundación Böll.

Movimiento de Mujeres Trabajadoras y Desempleadeas, "Maria Elena Cuadra" (MEC). 1999. "Diagnóstico sobre las condiciones socio laborales de las Empresas de las Zonas Francas." Managua: Movimiento de Mujeres Trabajadoras y Desempleadas, "Maria Elena Cuadra".

Mendez, Jennifer Bickham. forthcoming. The Global Here and Now: Gender and the Politics of Transnationalism in Nicaragua. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Meza, Humberto. 1997. "Trabajadores apoyan Zona Franca Industrial." La Tribuna, November 25.

CJM Correspondence. 1998. San Antonio (October-November): 4-5.

Camacho, Alicia Schmidt.1999. San Antonio (February): 2-3.

CJM Newsletter 1994. "CTM finds basic market basket is beyond the reach of 8.7 million workers." 4(3): 7.

Comision nacional de zonas francas. 2002. Web-site.

Naples, Nancy A. 2002. "The Challenges and Possibilities of Transnational Feminist Praxis." Pp. 267-281 in Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics, Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai, eds. New York: Routledge Press.

Cobble, Dorothy Sue. 1993. "Introduction: Remaking Unions for the New Majority." Pp. 3-18 in Women and Unions: Forging a Partnership, Dorothy Sue Cobble, ed. Ithaca, New York: ILR Press.

Cook, Alice H., Val R. Lorwin, and Arlene Kaplan Daniels. 1992. The Most Difficult Revolution: Women and Trade Unions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Elson, Diane, and Ruth Pearson. 1981. "Nimble Fingers Make Cheap Workers': An Analysis of Women's Employment in Third World Export Manufacturing." Feminist Review 7: 87-107.

Bayes, Jane H. and Rita Mae Kelly. 2001. "Political Spaces, Gender, and NAFTA." Pp. 147-170 in Gender, Globalization, and Democratization, Rita Mae Kelly, ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bellman, Mary. 2003. "Factory Unions in Garment Industry Maquiladoras: Lessons from Central America." Presented at annual meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Dallas, TX.

Borge, Tomás. 1997. "Qué se vayan." La Barricada. November 21, A4.

Brenner, Johanna. 1998. "On Gender and Class in U.S. Labor History." Pp. 41-56 in Rising from the Ashes? Labor in the Age of "Global" Capitalism, Ellen Meiksins Wood; Peter Meiksins, Michael Yates, eds. New York: Monthly Review.

Cox, Kevin R. 1997. "Spaces of Dependence, Spaces of Engagement and the Politics of Scale, or: Looking for Local Politics." Political Geography 17(1): 1-23.

Evans, Peter. 2000. "Fighting Marginalization with Transnational Networks: Counter-Hegemonic Globalization." Contemporary Sociology 29(1): 230-41.

Falk, Richard. 1993. "The Infancy of Global Civil Society." Pp. 219-234 in Beyond the Cold War: New Dimensions in International Relations, Geir Lundestad and Odd Arne Westad, eds. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fernández-Kelly, M. P. 1983. For We Are Sold, I and My People. Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.

Fox, Jonathan. 2000. "Assessing Binational Civil Society Coalitions: Lessons from the Mexico-US Experience." Paper presented at annual meeting of the Latin American Studies Association. October, Miami, Fl.

Fox, Jonathan, and L. David Brown, eds. 1998. The Struggle for Accountability: the World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Freeman, Carla. 2001. "Is Local:Global as Feminine: Masculine? Rethinking the Gender of Globalization." Signs 26(4): 1007-1037.

Gabriel, Christina and Laura MacDonald. 1994. "NAFTA, Women and Organising in Canada and Mexico: Forging a 'Feminist Internationality."' Millennium Journal of International Studies 23(3): 535-62.

Gertler, Meric S. 1997. "Between the Global and the Local: The Spatial Limits to Productive Capital." Pp. 45-63 in Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power of the Local Kevin Cox, ed. New York: Guilford Press.

Hanson, Susan and Geraldine Pratt. 1995. Gender, Work and Space. NY: Routledge Press.

Harvey, David. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge: Blackwell.

Human Rights Watch, Women's Rights Project. 1996. Mexico. No Guarantees: Sex Discrimination in Mexico's Maquiladora Sector. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Guidry, John A., Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds. 2000. Globalizations and Social Movements: Culture, Power, and the Transnational Public Sphere. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Hernández, Horténsia. 1996. SIOAC presentation at Maclovio Rojas community meeting. Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. October.

Kamel, Rachel and Anya Hoffman, eds. 1999. The Maquiladora Reader: Cross-Border Organizing Since NAFTA. Philadelphia, PA: American Friends Service Committee.

Massey, Doreen. 1984. Spatial Division of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production. London: Macmillan.

Massey, Doreen.1994. Space, Place and Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Köpke, Ronald. 2000. "Las experiencias del equipo de monitoreo independiente de Honduras." Pp. 100-119 in Codigos de Conducta y Monitoreo en la Industria de Confection: Experiences Internationales y Regionales, Ronald Köpke, Norma Molina and Carolina Quinteros, eds. San Salvador, El Salvador: Fundación Böll.

La Botz, Dan. 1998. "Mexico's Labor Year in Review" Mexican Labor News and Analysis 3(1): 3-16.

La Botz, Dan.2001. "Debate over Maquiladoras Takes new Turn: The China Question." Mexican Labor News and Analysis 6(10): 1

Laclau, Ernesto and Chantal Mouffe. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. London: Verso.

Marchand, Marianne and Anne Sisson Runyan, eds. 2000. Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites, and Resistances. New York: Routledge.

Lamas, Marta, Alicia Martinez, Maria Luisa Tarrés, and Esperanza Tuñon. 1995. "Building Bridges: The Growth of Popular Feminism in Mexico." Pp. 324-347 in The Challenge of Local Feminisms: Women's Movements in Global Perspective, Amrita Basu, ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Anteproyecto de Ley. 1999. "Proyecto de Ley de Reformas y Adición al Decreto No. 46-91. Denominado Zonas Francas Industrials de Exportacion." Managua, Nicaragua.

Babb, Florence E. 1996. "After the Revolution: Neoliberal Policy and Gender in Nicaragua." Latin American Perspectives 23(1): 27-48.

Barreto, Pablo Emilio. 1997. "Poratil ante el MITRAB." La Barricada. November 25.

  • Download PDF