Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 16 Apr 2010

Reflexivity in Mobilization: Gender and Memory as Cultural Features of Women's Mobilization in Vieques, 1999-2003

Page Range: 81 – 97
DOI: 10.17813/maiq.15.1.rw1w1260n466684u
Save
Download PDF

This article explores the significance of reflexivity as a cultural process in social movements. It examines the roles that gender and memory played in mobilizing women in the antimilitary movement in Vieques, Puerto Rico, between 1999-2003. In particular, the analysis focuses on the articulations and actions undertaken by the Alianza de Mujeres Viequenses. While some emerging research stresses the novelty of women's participation in the latest effort to remove the U.S. Navy from this island, none have operationalized the event in a theoretical context and highlighted key nuances. This article engages literatures on the significance of gender in the mobilization process as well as the cultural nature of remembrance and its significance in the meaning-making process for collective actors. It does so through an examination of the mobilization of women in the antimilitary movement. Furthermore it argues for the acknowledgement of reflexivity in the examination of claims articulation for mobilization.

Acker, Joan. 1990. "Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations." Gender and Society 4: 139-158.

Aretxaga, Begoña. 1997. Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Arjona Reichard, Vanessa. 2007. "Rescatando rostros y perfiles de las mujeres dentro del moviemiento social ‘Paz para Vieques,’ Puerto Rico a junio de 2001." Pp. 101-118 in Voces que cuentan: Transformando el dialogo en acción: Actas del V Coloquio Nacional de Mujeres en Puerto Rico, edited by Liliana Rolón Collazo. Mayagüez, PR: Centro de Publicaciones Académicas.

Ayala, Cesar, and Javier Bolivar. 2006. "The Cold War and the Second Expropriations of the Navy in Vieques." Centro 18(1): 10-35.

Ayala, Cesar, and Viviana Carro-Figueroa. 2005. "Expropriation and Displacement of Civilians in Vieques, 1940-1950." Pp. 173-207 in Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution and the Quest for Human Rights, edited by Ramon Bosque-Pérez and Javier J. Colón Morera. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Barreto, Amilcar A. 2001. Vieques, the Navy and Puerto Rican Politics. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.

Benford, Robert. 2002. "Controlling Narrative and Narratives as Control within Social Movements." Pp. 53-75 in Stories of Change: Narratives and Social Movements, edited by Joseph Davis. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Blee, Kathleen. 1998. No Middle Ground: Women and Radical Protest. New York: New York University Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre, and Loïc Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Borland, Elizabeth, and Barbara Sutton. 2007. "Quotidian Disruption and Women's Activism in Times of Crisis, Argentina 2002-2003." Gender and Society 21(5): 700-22.

Brown, Phil, and Faith Ferguson. 1995. "‘Making a Big Stink’: Women's Work, Women's Relationships, and Toxic Waste Activism." Gender and Society 9(2): 145-172.

Connell, Raewyn W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Díaz de Osborne, Elba, and ArturoMassol-Deyá. 2003. "Trace Element Composition in Forage Samples from a Military Target Range, Three Agricultural Areas, and One Natural Area in Puerto Rico." Caribbean Journal of Science 39(2): 215-20.

Einwohner, Rachel L., Jocelyn A. Hollander, and Toska Olson. 2000. "Engendering Social Movements: Cultural Images and Movement Dynamics." Gender and Society 14(5): 679-99.

Estudios Técnicos Inc. 2004. Plan maestro para el desarrollo sustentable de Vieques: Parte I Análisis de Situación. Submitted to Grupo Interagencial de Vieques y Culebras.

Ferree, Myra M. and Patricia Y. Martin. 1995. Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women's Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Friedman, Elisabeth. 1998. "Paradoxes of Gendered Political Opportunities in the Venezuelan Transition to Democracy." Latin American Research Review 33(3): 87-135.

García Muñiz, Humberto. 1987. "Boots, Boots, Boots: Intervention, Regional Security, and Militarization in the Caribbean, 1979-1986." Militarism Series 2. Hato Rey, Puerto Rico: Projecto Caribeño de Justicia y Paz.

Griffith, Ivelaw L. 1991. Strategy and Security in the Caribbean. New York: Praeger.

Kane, Anne. 1997. "Theorizing Meaning Construction in Social Movements: Symbolic Structures and Interpretation During the Irish Land War, 1879-1882." Sociological Theory 15(3): 249-76.

Lobao, Linda. 1990. "Women in Revolutionary Movements: Changing Patterns of Latin American Guerrilla Struggles." Pp. 180-204 in Women and Social Protest, edited by Guida West and Rhoda L. Blumberg. New York: Oxford University Press.

McCaffrey, Katherine T. 2002. Military Power and Popular Protest: The US Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

McCaffrey, Katherine T. 2006. "Social Struggle Against the U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico: Two Movements in History." Latin American Perspectives 146(33): 83-101.

McCaffrey, Katherine T. 2008. "Because Vieques Is Our Home: Defend It! Women Resisting Militarization in Vieques, Puerto Rico." Pp. 157-176 in Security Disarmed: Critical Perspectives on Gender, Race and Militarization, edited by Barbara Sutton, Sandra Morgen, and Julie Novkov. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

McCammon, Holly J., Karen E. Campbell, Ellen M. Granberg, and Christine Mowery. 2001. "How Movements Win: Gendered Opportunity Structures and U.S. Women's Suffrage Movements, 1866 to 1919." American Sociological Review 66(1): 49-70.

Meléndez, Manuel. 1989. La Batalla de Vieques. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Edil, Inc.

Moghandam, Valentine M. 2000. "Transnational Feminist Networks: Collective Action in an Era of Globalization." International Sociology 15(1): 57-85.

Morgen, Sandra. 1998. "It's the Whole Power of the City Against Us!: The Development of Political Consciousness in a Women Health Care Coalition." Pp. 97-114 in Women and the Politics of Empowerment, edited by Ann Brookman and Sandra Morgen. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Mullenneaux, Lisa. 2000. ¡Ni una bomba mas! Vieques vs. U.S. Navy. New York: Penington Press.

Murillo, Mario. 2001. Islands of Resistance: Puerto Rico, Vieques and U.S. Policy. Seven Stories: New York.

Nagel, Joanne. 1998. "Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations." Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies 21: 242-69.

Neal, David, and Brenda Phillips. 1990. "Female-Dominated Local Social Movement Organizations in Disaster-Threat Situtations." Pp. 243-56 in Women and Social Protest, edited by Guida West and Rhoda L. Blumberg. New York: Oxford University Press.

Nolan, James. 2002. "Drug Court Stories: Transforming American Jurisprudence." Pp. 149-177 in Stories of Change: Narratives and Social Movements, edited by Joseph Davis. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Olick, Jeffrey. 2003. "What Does it Mean to Normalize the Past? Official Memory in German Politics since 1989." Pp. 259-88 in States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts and Transformations in National Retrospection, edited by Jeffrey Olick. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Olick, Jeffrey, and Daniel Levy. 1997. "Collective Memory and Cultural Constraint: Holocaust Myth and Rationality in German Politics." American Sociological Review 62(6): 921-36.

Olick, Jeffrey, and Joyce Robbins. 1998. "Social Memory Studies: From ‘Collective Memory’ to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices." Annual Review of Sociology 24(1): 105-140.

Paralitici, José. 2005a. "A 85 años—Situación del ROTC." Pp. 15-49 in Universidad y (Anti)Militarismo: Historia, luchas y debates. San Juan, PR: Universitarios por la Desmilitarización.

Paralitici, José. 2005b. "Desmilitarización y educación." Pp. 77-90 in Universidad y (Anti)Militarismo: Historia, luchas y debates. San Juan, PR: Universitarios por la Desmilitarización.

Paralitici, José. 2006. "Luchas civiles de un pueblo: el caso de Vieques." Paper presented at the Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín, October.

Pennebaker, James W. 1997. "Introduction." Pp. vii-xiii in Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspective, edited by James W. Pennebaker, Dario Paez, and Bernard Rimé. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Polletta, Francesca. 2002. "Plotting Protest: Mobilizing Stories in the 1960 Student Sit-Ins." Pp. 31-51 in Stories of Change: Narratives and Social Movements, edited by Joseph Davis. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Polletta, Francesca. 2003. "Legacies and Liabilities of an Insurgent Past: Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. on the House and Senate Floor." Pp. 193-226 in States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts and Transformations in National Retrospection, edited by Jeffrey K. Olick. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Rabin, Robert. 2006. Personal Interview. Fuerte Conde Mirasol. Isabel Segunda, Vieques.

Robnett, Belinda. 1996. "African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Gender, Leadership and Micromobilization." Amercian Journal of Sociology 101(6): 1161-93.

Ruiz, Justo Pastor. 1947. Vieques: Antiguo y Moderno 1493-1946. Yauco, Puerto Rico: Tipografía Rodríguez Lugo.

Taylor, Verta. 1999. "Gender and Social Movements: Gender Processes in Women's Self-Help Movements." Gender and Society 13(1): 8-33.

Velez-Velez, Roberto. 2008. "Because History Does Not Allow Us… Collective Memory and the Articulation of Mobilization Narratives in the Antimilitary Movement of Vieques (1999-2003)." PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, University at Albany, Albany, NY.

Wagner-Pacifi, Robin. 1996. "Memories in the Making: The Shapes of Things that Went." Qualitative Sociology 19(3): 301-21.

West, Guida, and Rhoda L. Blumberg. 1990. Women and Social Protest. New York: Oxford University Press.

White, Hayden. 1981. "The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality." Critical Inquiry 7: 5-27.

Williams, Rhys H. 1995. "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources." Social Problems 42(1): 124-144.

Zerubavel, Eviatar. 1996. "Social Memories: Steps to a Sociology of the Past." Qualitative Sociology 19(3): 283-99.

Zerubavel, Yael. 1995. Recovered Roots. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

  • Download PDF