Public Opinion as a Movement Outcome: The Case of the U.S. Women's Movement*
We demonstrate that an important outcome of social movements is public opinion change, particularly in the case of the U.S. women's movement. We argue that contentious events associated with the women's movement provide informational cues that prime the public. This process then leads to changes in attitudes regarding gender. We use quarterly time series data on contentious events of the U.S. women's movement ranging from 1960 to 1992 and public opinion about gender attitudes in the United States to examine whether public opinion moves in response to social movement events. Using an error correction model, we demonstrate that social movement events have a significant effect on gender attitudes. Citizens adopt more liberal gender attitudes as the U.S. women's movement increases its activity. These results suggest that social movement scholars should be paying more attention to public opinion when assessing the outcomes of social movements.
Contributor Notes
* The authors would like to thank Paul Kellstedt, Tiffany Barnes, Jeff Carter, John McCarthy, Eric Plutzer, and the reviewers for their helpful comments on the earlier draft of this paper. We also thank David Iles for his work as research assistant on this project. Earlier versions of this paper were given at the Outcomes of Social Movements Protest Conference at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, and to the Penn State Social Movement Reading group. We thank participants of both groups for their helpful comments.
† Lee Ann Banaszak is Professor in Political Science and Women's Studies at The Pennsylvania State University. Heather L. Ondercin is Assistant Professor in Political Science and the Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies at the University of Mississippi.