Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 21 Feb 2006

Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements

Page Range: 1 – 19
DOI: 10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608
Save
Download PDF

The massive protests at the Third Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization in November 1999 resulted from broad and accelerating changes in global social and political relations. Many protesting groups had been involved in previous struggles for global economic justice that shaped their identities and strategies in Seattle. This study examines the participants, activities, and political context of the "Battle of Seattle." It explores the transnational activist linkages and suggests that a division of labor was present whereby groups with local and national ties took on mobilization roles while groups with routinized transnational ties provided information and frames for the struggle. An examination of the tactics used in Seattle suggests that national protest "repertoires" have been adapted for use in global political arenas. There is also some evidence of protest innovation in response to global political integration and technology. While this study encompasses only a single protest episode, it suggests that increasing globalization and transnational protests have enduring effects on the organization and character of social movements.

Zoll, Dan. 1999. "Developing Nations Complain of Being Shut Out of Ministerial Planning Process." Pp. 1, 8 in World Trade Observer. www.worldtradeobserver.org.

Willetts, Peter. 1996. The Conscience of the World: The Influence of NGOs in the United Nations System. London: C. Hurst.

Finnemore, Martha. 1996. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Canadian Security Intelligence Service. 2000. "Anti-Globalization: A Spreading Phenomenon." Report #2000/08, Canadian Security Intelligence Service. (August 22)

Barlow, Maude, and Tony Clarke. 1998. The Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and the Threat to American Freedom. Washington D.C.: Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch.

Shoch, James. 2000. "Contesting Globalization: Organized Labor, NAFTA, and the 1997, and 1998 Fast-Track Fights." Politics, and Society 28:119-150.

Sikkink, Kathryn, and Jackie Smith. Forthcoming. "Infrastructures for Change: Transnational Organizations, 1953-1993." in Restructuring World Politics: The Power of Transnational Agency, and Norms, edited by S. Khagram, J. Riker, and K. Sikkink. Minneapolis: Univerisity of Minnesota Press.

Smith, Christian 1994. Resisting Reagan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Institute for International Economics. 1999. "International Economics Policy Issues." Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C.

Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Smith, Christian 1996. "Correcting a Curious Neglect, or Bringing Religion Back In." Pp. 1-25 in Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement Activism, edited by C. Smith. New York: Routledge.

Gillham, Patrick F., and Gary T. Marx. 2000. "Complexity, and Irony in Policing, and Protesting: The World Trade Organization in Seattle." Social Justice 27 (2): 212-236.

Khor, Martin. 1999. "How the South is Getting a Raw Deal." Pp. 7-53 in Views from the South: The Effects of Globalization, and the WTO on Third World Countries. San Francisco: International Forum on Globalization.

McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. Forthcoming. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Scholte, Jan Aart. 2000. "Cautionary Reflections on Seattle" Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29:115-121.

Levering, Ralph A. 1997. "Brokering the Law of the Sea Treaty: The Neptune Group." in Transnational Social Movements, and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, edited by J. Smith, C. Chatfield, and R. Pagnucco. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Levi, Margaret, and David Olson. 2000. "The Battle of Seattle." Politics, and Society 28: 309-329.

Lipsky, Micheal. 1968. "Protest as a Political Resource." American Political Science Review 62:1144-1158.

Markoff, John. 1999. "Globalization, and the Future of Democracy." Journal of World Systems Research

Marullo, Sam, Ron Pagnucco, and Jackie Smith. 1996. "Frame Changes, and Social Movement Contraction: U.S. Peace Movement Framing After the Cold War." Sociological Inquiry 66: 1-28.

McAdam, Doug. 1988. Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press.

Marks, Gary, and Doug McAdam. 1996. "Social Movements, and the Changing Structure of Political Opportunity in the European Community." Pp. 95-120 in Governance in the European Union, edited by G. Marks, F. W. Scharpf, P. C. Schmitter, and W. Streeck. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

McCarthy, John D. 1996. "Mobilizing Structures: Constraints, and Opportunities: Adopting, Adapting, and Inventing." Pp. 141-151 in Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing: Social Movement Dynamics in Cross-National Perspective., edited by D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Audley, John J. 1997. Green Politics, and Global Trade: NAFTA, and the Future of Environmental Politics. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Meyer, John W., John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez. 1997. "World Society, and the Nation-State." American Journal of Sociology 103:144-181.

Naím, Moisés. 2000. "Foreign Policy Interview: Lori's War." Foreign Policy 118:28-55.

Njeh_, Njoki Njoroge. 2000. "Building the Movement: Johannesburg, Seattle, and Beyond." Economic Justice News 2:2,18.

PGA. 2000. "The Accelerating History of PGA" Worldwide Resistance Roundup Inspired by Peoples Global Action Bulletin 5, February (UK Edition). On file with the author.

Rich, Bruch. 1994. Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development Boston: Beacon Press.

Rose, Fred. 2000. Coalitions Across the Class Divide: Lessons from the Labor, Peace, and Environmental Movements. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

O'Brien, Robert, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aard Scholte, and Marc Williams. 2000. Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions, and Global Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ackerman, Seth. 2000. "Prattle in Seattle: Media Coverage Misrepresented Protests." Pp. 59-66 in Globalize This The Battle Against the World Trade Organization, and Corporate Rule, edited by Kevin Danaher, and Roger Burbach. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press.

Atwood, David. 1997. "Mobilizing Around the United Nations Special Session on Disarmament." Pp. 141-158 in Transnational Social Movements, and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, edited by J. Smith, C. Chatfield, and R. Pagnucco. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Ayres, Jeffrey M. 1998. Defying Conventional Wisdom: Political Movements, and Popular Contention Against North American Free Trade. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Chatfield, Charles. 1997. "Intergovernmental, and Nongovernmental Associations to 1945." Pp. 19-41 in Transnational Social Movements, and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, edited by J. Smith, C. Chatfield, and R. Pagnucco. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Clark, Ann Marie, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler. 1998. "The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women." World Politics 51:1-35.

Cleary, Seamus. 1996. "The World Bank, and NGOs." Pp. 63-97 in The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organisations in the UN System, edited by P. Willetts. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

Epstein, Barbara, 1991. Political Protest, and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s, and 1980s. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Foster, John. 1999. "Civil Society, and Multilateral Theatres." Pp. 129-195 in Whose World Is It Anyway? Civil Society, the United Nations, and the Multilateral Future, edited by J. W. Foster, and A. Anand. Ottawa: United Nations Association of Canada.

Fox, Jonathan, and L. David Brown. 1998. The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Fox, Jonathan. 2000. "Assessing Binational Civil Society Coalitions: Lessons from the Mexico-U.S. Experience." Working Paper Number 26, Chicano/Latino Research Center, University of California, Santa Cruz (April).

Gamson, William A. 1991. "Commitment, and Agency in Social Movements." Sociological Forum 6:27-50.

Gerhards, Jürgen, and Dieter Rucht. 1992. "Mesomobilization: Organizing, and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany." American Journal of Sociology 98: 555-595.

Smith, Jackie. 2000. "Globalization, and Political Contention: Brokering Roles of Transnational Social Movement Organizations." Paper presented at German Political Science Association Meeting. Halle, Germany.

Smith, Jackie. 1995. "Transnational Political Processes, and the Human Rights Movement." Pp. 185-220 in Research in Social Movements, Conflict, and Change, vol. 18, edited by L. Kriesberg, M. Dobkowski, and I. Walliman. Greenwood CT: JAI.

Smith, Jackie. 1997. "Characteristics of the Modern Transnational Social Movement Sector." Pp. 42-58 in Transnational Social Movements, and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, edited by J. Smith, C. Chatfield, and R. Pagnucco. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Smith, Jackie, and Timothy Patrick Moran, "WTO 101: Myths About the World Trading System" Dissent (April 2000): 66-70.

Smith, Jackie, Charles Chatfield, and Ron Pagnucco. 1997. Transnational Social Movements, and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Smith, Jackie, Ron Pagnucco, and Charles Chatfield. 1997. "Transnational Social Movements, and Global Politics: A Theoretical Framework." Pp. 59-77 in Transnational Social Movements, and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, edited by J. Smith, C. Chatfield, and R. Pagnucco. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press.

Smith, Jackie, Ron Pagnucco, and George Lopez. 1998. "Globalizing Human Rights: Report on a Survey of Transnational Human Rights NGOs." Human Rights Quarterly 20:379-412.

Stevenson, Richard W. 2000. "Trade Support is Dwindling, Fed Chief Says: Policy Makers Note Globalization Protests." Pp. C1, C14 in New York Times.

Stiglitz, Joseph. 2000. "What I Learned at the World Economic Crisis." The Insider.

Tarrow, Sidney. 2001. "Transnational Politics: Contention, and Institutions in International Politics." Annual Review of Political Science 4:1-20.

Tilly, Charles. 1984. "Social Movements, and National Politics." Pp. 297-317 in Statemaking, and Social Movements: Essays in History, and Theory, edited by C. Bright, and S. Harding. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Annual. Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press.

Vidal, John. 1999. "The Trade Talks Collapse: Real Battle for Seattle." p. 20 in The Observer. London. December 5.

Walton, John, and Dave Seddon. 1994. Free Markets, and Food Riots: The Politics of Global Adjustment. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Wallach, Lori, and Michelle Sforza. 1999. Whose Trade Organization?: Corporate Globalization, and the Erosion of Democracy. Washington D.C.: Public Citizen.

Weisbrot, Mark. 2000 "Globalization for Dummies" Harper 300 (May): 15-19.

Aaronson, Susan. Forthcoming. Redefining the Terms of Trade.

  • Download PDF