Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 21 Feb 2006

Cued to Coerce or Coercing Cues? An Exploration of Dissident Rhetoric and its Relationship to Political Repression

and
Page Range: 151 – 171
DOI: 10.17813/maiq.6.2.4671141747x2k660
Save
Download PDF

This article explores whether and how state repression is influenced by a social movement organization's rhetoric; and, conversely, if dissident rhetoric is responsive to authorities' repressive efforts. These relationships are examined with data generated from several newspapers within the Bay area, across 253 weeks from 1969 to 1973, concerning rhetoric of the Black Panther Party (BPP) as well as police and court repression directed against the Panther organization. The results of the statistical analysis are mixed. Several aspects of BPP rhetoric increase both police and court-ordered repression, albeit at different magnitudes and lags. Moreover, results disclose that only police repression influences the discussion of particular topics in the Panther newspaper—the same topics that induce protest policing (again, across different lags). The analysis complements existing research on the conflict-repression nexus, but it also forces us to consider state-dissident interactions in a more comprehensive manner.

Koopmans, R., and P. Statham. 1999. "Political Claims Analysis: Integrating Protest Event, and Political Discourse Approaches." Mobilization 4(1): 40-51.

Klandermans, B. 1988. "The Formation, and Mobilization of Consensus." In From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation Across Cultures, B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi, and S. Tarrow, eds. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Khawaja, M. 1993. "Repression, and Popular Collective Action: Evidence From the West Bank." Sociological Forum 8: 47-71.

King, J. 1998. "Repression, Domestic Threat, and Interactions in Argentina, and Chile." Journal of Political, and Military Sociology 26(2): 1-27.

Kitschelt, H. 1986. "Political Opportunity Structures, and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies." British Journal of Political Science 16: 57-85.

Churchill, W., and J. Vander Wall. 1990b. The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States. Boston: South End Press.

Abron, J. 1993. "Raising the Consciousness of the People": The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, 1967-1980." In K. Wachsberger, ed., Voices from the Underground: Volume 1 - Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press. Mica Press: Ann Arbor.

Ackroyd, C., K. Margolis, J. Rosenhead, and T. Shallice. 1980. The Technology of Political Control. New York: Penguin Press.

Almon, S. 1965. "The Distributed Lag Between Capital Appropriations, and Expenditures." Econometrica 33: 178-196.

Astorino-Courtois, A. 1996. "Transforming International Agreements into National Realities: Marketing Arab-Israeli Peace in Jordan." Journal of Politics 58(4): 1035-1054.

Berejikian, J. 1992. "Revolutionary Collective Action, and the Agent-Structure Problem." American Political Science Review 86(3): 647-657.

Beissinger, M. 1998. "Event Analysis in Transitional Societies: Protest Mobilization in the Former Soviet Union." In Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest, Dieter Rucht, Ruud Koopmans, and Friedhelm Neidhardt, eds. Berlin, Germany: WZB.

Cleaver, K., and G. Katsiaficas, eds. 2001. Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party. Boulder: j.

Coy, P., and L. Woehrle. 1996. "Constructing Identity, and Oppositional Knowledge: The Framing Practices of Peace Movement Organizations During the Persian Gulf War." Sociological Spectrum 16: 287-327.

Cunningham, D. 2001. Welcome to the Machine: The FBI's Repression of the Radical Right, and Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Gujarati, D. 1988. Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gamson, W., and D. Meyer. 1996. "Framing Political Opportunity." In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gamson, W., and G. Wolfsfeld. 1993. "Movements, and Media as Interacting Systems." Annals of the American Academy of Political, and Social Science vol 528.

Gitlin, T. 1980. The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making, and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Glessing, R. 1970. The Underground Press in America. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Goldstein, R. 1978. Political Repression in Modern American: From 1870 to the Present. Boston: Schenckman/G.K. Hall.

Graham, F. 1972. Press Freedoms Under Pressure: Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Government, and the Press. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.

Gurr, T. 2000. Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace

Harvey, A. 1990. Time Series Models. Cambridge: MIT Press. Hibbs, D. 1973. Mass Political Violence. New York: Wiley.

Hopkins, C. 1978. "The Deradicalization of the Black Panther Party, 1967-1973." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Jackson, S., B Russett, D. Snidal, and D. Sylvan. 1978. "Conflict, and Coercion in Dependent States." Journal of Conflict Resolution 22: 627-657.

Dallin, A., and G. Breslauer. 1970. Political Terror in Communist Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Darnton, R. 1996. The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France. New York: WW Norton, and Company.

Davenport, C. 1995. "Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception: An Inquiry Into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions." American Journal of Political Science 39(3): 683-713.

Dahlerus, C., and C. Davenport. 2000. "Tracking Down the Empirical Legacy of the Black Panther Party (or Notes on the Perils of Pursuing the Panthers)." Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party, K. Cleaver, and G. Katsiaficas, eds. Boulder: Routledge.

Davenport, C. 1997. "Rhetoric Under the Gun: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Political Opportunity Structures, and Dissident Frames within the Black Panther Party." Grant from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9617900).

Davenport, C. 1999. "Human Rights, and the Democratic Proposition." Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(1): 92-116.

Davenport, C. ed. 2000. Paths to State Repression: Human Rights Violations, and Contentious Politics. Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield.

Diani, M. 1996. "Linking Mobilization Frames, and Political Opportunities: Insights from Regional Populism in Italy." American Sociological Review 61: 1053-1069.

Donner, F. 1990. Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads, and Police Repression in Urban America. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Downing, J. 1984. Radical Media: The Political Experience of Alternative Communication. Boston: South End Press.

Eisinger, P. 1973. "The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities." American Political Science Review 67: 11-28.

Francisco, R. 1996. "Coercion, and Protest: An Empirical Test in Two Democratic States." American Journal of Political Science 40(4): 1179-1204.

Francisco, R. 2000. European Protest, and Coercion Data. Codebook. University of Kansas

Franks, C.E.S., ed. 1989. Dissent, and the State. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Gamson, W. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Belmont: Dorsey Press.

Franks, C.E.S., ed. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Franks, C.E.S., ed. 1988. "Political Discourse, and Collective Action." In From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation Across Cultures, B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi, and S. Tarrow, eds. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Johnston, O. 1998. "Explaining the Demise of the Black Panther Party: Ther Role of Internal Factors." In The Black Panther Party Reconsiderred: Relfections, and Scholarship, C, Jones, ed. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.

Jones, C. 1988. "The Political Repression of the Black Panther Party 1966-1971: The Case of the Oakland Bay Area." Journal of Black Studies 18(4): 415-434.

Jones, C. ed. 1998. The Black Panther Party Reconsidered: Reflections, and Scholarship. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.

Karklins, R., and R. Petersen. 1993. "Decision Calculus of Protesters, and Regimes: Eastern Europe 1989." Journal of Politics 55(3): 588-614.

Kessler, L. 1984. The Dissident Press: Alternative Journalism in American History. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Black Panthers. 1969-1973. The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service. Oakland: The Black Panther Party.

Blackstock, N. 1976. COINTELPRO: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom. New York: Vintage Books.

Bowers, J., D. Ochs, and R. Jensen. 1971. The Rhetoric of Agitation, and Control. Menlo Park: Addi-son-Wesley Publishing Company.

Calloway, C. 1977. "Group Cohesiveness in the Black Panther Party." Journal of Black Studies 8(1): 55-76.

Carson, C. 1981. In Struggle: SNCC, and the Black Awakening. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Churchill, W., and J. Vander Wall. 1990a. Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party, and the American Indian Movement. Boston: South End Press.

Kruchow, D., and C. Johnson. 1986. Green Isle in the Sea: An Informal History of the Alternative Press. Highland Park: December Press.

Kurzman, Charles. 1996. "Structural Opportunity, and Perceived Opportunity in Social-Movement Theory: The Iranian Revolution of 1979." American Sociological Review 61: 153-170.

Leamer, L. 1972. The Paper Revolutionaries: The Rise of the Underground Press. New York: Simon, and Schuster.

Lichbach, M. 1995. The Rebel's Dilemma. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

McAdam, D. 1982. Political Process, and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McAdam, D. 1988. "Micromobilization Contexts, and Recruitment to Activism." International Social Movement Research 1: 125-154.

Marx, G. 1979. "External Efforts to Damage or Facilitate Social Movements: Some Patterns, Explanations, Outcomes, and Complications." In The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics, M. Zald, and J. McCarthy, eds. Cambridge: Winthrop.

McAdam, D. 1996. "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics: Strategic Dramaturgy in the American Civil Rights Movement." In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Moore, W. 1998. "Repression, and Dissent: Substitution, Context, and Timing." American Journal of Political Science 42(3): 851-873.

Mueller, C. 1999. "Escape from the GDR, 1961-1989: Hybrid Exit Repertoires in a Disintegrating Leninist Regime." American Journal of Sociology 105(3): 697-735.

McCarthy, J., J. Smith, and M. Zald. 1996. "Accessing Public, Media, Electoral, and Governmental Agendas." In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McCormick, J., and N. Mitchell. 1997. "Human Rights Violations, Umbrella Concepts, and Empirical Analysis." World Politics 49: 510-525.

McLeary, R., and R. Hay. 1980. Applied Time Series for the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Mitchell, and McCormick 1988. "Economic, and Political Explanations of Human Rights Violations." World Politics 40(4): 476-98.

Monroe, K. 1981. "Presidential Popularity: An Almon Distributed Lag Model." Political Methodology 7: 42-69.

Nerone, J. 1994. Violence Against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere in U.S. History. New York: Oxford University Press.

Newton, H. 1996. War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America. New York: Harlem River Press.

Noonan, Rita K. 1995. "Women Against the State: Political Opportunities, and Collective Action Frames in Chile's Transition to Democracy." Sociological Forum 10: 81-111.

Oliver, P., and H. Johnston. 2000. "What a Good Idea Ideologies, and Frames in Social Movement Research." Mobilization 4(1): 37-54.

Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. New York: Schocken.

Opp, K., and W. Roehl. 1990. "Repression, Micromobilization, and Political Protest." Social Forces 69: 521-547.

Park, R. 1970. The Immigrant Press, and Its Control. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Poe, S., and C. N. Tate. 1994. "Repression of Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis." American Political Science Review 88: 853-872.

Rasler, Karen. 1996. "Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest." American Sociological Review 61(1): 132-152.

Rips, G. 1981. Un-American Activities: The Campaign Against the Underground Press. San Francisco: City Light Books.

Schrodt, P. 2000. KEDS Data Sets.

Skocpol, T. 1979. States, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, C. 1990. Political Communication. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Smith, J. 1988. Printers, and Press Freedom: The Ideology of Early American Journalism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Snow, D., and R. Benford. 1988. "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization." In From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation Across Cultures, B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi, and S. Tarrow, eds. Greenwich: JAI Press.

Snow, D., and R. Benford. 1992. "Master Frames, and Cycles of Protest." In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, A. Morris, and C. Mueller, eds. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Taylor, C., and D. Jodice. 1983. The World Handbook of Political, and Social Indicators. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Tilly, C. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

Snow, D., E. B. Rochford, Jr., S. Worden, and R. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51: 464-481.

Tilly, C., L. Tilly, and R. Tilly. 1975. Rebellious Century: 1830-1975. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Internal Security. 1970. The Black Panther Party, Its Origin, and Development as Reflected in Its Official Weekly Newspaper, The Black Panther Party Black Community News Service. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Internal Security. 1971. Gun-Barrel Politics: The Black Panther Party, 1966-1971. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations. 1976. Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities, and the Rights of Americans, Book III. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Van de Berghe, P. 1990. State Violence, and Ethnicity. Colorado: University Press of Colorado.

Wachsberger, K. 1993. Voices from the Underground: Volume 1---Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press. Ann Arbor: Mica Press.

Walter, E. 1969. Terror, and Resistance. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wilkins, R., and R. Clark. 1973. Search, and Destroy: A Report by the Commission of Inquiry into the Black Panthers, and the Police. New York: Metropolitan Applied Research Center.

Wolfe, A. 1978. The Seamy Side of Democracy: Repression in America. New York: Longman.

Zhao, D. 2000. "State-Society Relations, and the Discourses, and Activities of the 1989 Beijing Student Movement." American Journal of Sociology 105(6): 1592-1632.

Ziegenhagen, E. 1986. The Regulation of Political Conflict. New York: Praeger.

Zimmerman, E. 1980. "Macro-comparative Research on Political Protest." In Handbook of Political Conflict. T. Gurr, ed. New York: Free Press.

  • Download PDF