Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 21 Feb 2006

Local To Global: Transnational Networks And Indian Women's Grassroots Organizing

,
, and
Page Range: 335 – 352
DOI: 10.17813/maiq.8.3.r7h76667503436w0
Save
Download PDF

By focusing on grassroots groups of the Indian women's movement, we suggest that localglobal linkages often involve several intermediary levels—specifically levels below the nationstate. Grassroots organizing in India illustrates how a variety of intermediary networks are complexly intertwined within the nation state and beyond. Grassroots groups are localized, rural- or urban-based, and can be informal (such as in Bada Bhilwara and the case of MSK) or formal in character (such as Sanlaap). These groups actively build lateral and vertical networks. Austerity and structural adjustment programs have placed pressures on Third World women, forcing them to devise survival strategies to meet basic needs that combine efforts to change gender relations. Grassroots groups are built around daily needs and survival, and often challenge economic liberalization policies that have negative consequences for women—especially poor women.

Women-Health. 1999. Human Rights and Sex Trafficking. Women-Health: 1999. Online. Available:

Desai, Manisha. 1996. "Informal Organizations as Agents of Change: Notes from the Contemporary Women's Movement in India." Mobilization 1(2): 159-173.

Basu, Amrita. 2000. "Globalization of the Local/Localization of the Global. Mapping Transnational Women's Movements." Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 1(1): 68-84.

Batliwala, Srilata. 1993. Empowerment of Women in South Asia: Concepts and Practices. New Delhi: FAO-FFHC/AD.

Butalia, Urvashi. 2003. Transcription of Interview conducted by Mangala Subramaniam in New Delhi, India, January 2003

Desai, Neera and Vibhuti Patel. 1985. Indian Women. Change and Challenge in the International Decade 1975-85. Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan.

Vardhan, Mamta and Niraj Kumar. Undated. Implementing JFM Experiences of Seva Mandir. Working Report: Seva Mandir, Udaipur, India.

Government of India. Undated b. We can change our world. The Mahila Samakhya Karnataka Experience. New Delhi: Ministry of Human Resource Development (Department of Education).

Gupte, Manjusha. 2003. Participatory Environmental Policy in Developing Countries: Community Forestry in India. PhD dissertation: Purdue University, West Lafayette.

Jogdand, P.G., ed. 1995. Dalit Women in India. Issues and Perspectives. Pune, India: Gyan Publishing House.

Sperling, Valerie. Engendering Transition. The Women's Movement in Contemporary Russia. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, 1997.

Shiva, Vandana. 1999. "Colonialism and the Evolution of Masculinist Forestry" in Gender and Politics in India, edited by N. Menon. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.

Guidry, John A, Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald. 2000. "Globalization and Social Movements." Pp. 1-32 in Globalizations and Social Movements: culture, power, and the transnational public sphere, John A. Guidry, Michael D. Kennedy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Smith, Jackie, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pagnucco, eds. 1997. Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.

Smith, Jackie. 1995. "Transnational Political Processes and the Human Rights Movement." Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, 18: 185-219.

Rose, Kalima. 1992. Where Women are Leaders. The SEWA Movement in India. London: Zed Books.

Sperling, Valerie, Myra Marx Ferree, and Barbara Risman. 2001. "Constructing Global Feminism: Transnational Advocacy Networks and Russian Women's Activism." Signs, 26(4), Summer 2001 (Special Issue on Globalization and Gender), 1155-1186.

Kaplan, Temma. 2001. "Women's Rights as Human Rights: Women as Agents of Social Change." Pp. 191-204 in Women, Gender and Human Rights: a global perspective, Marjorie Agosin, ed. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Rosander, Eva Evers. 1997. "Women in Groups in Africa: Female Associational Patterns in Senegal and Morocco." Pp. 101-123 in Organizing Women. Formal and Informal Women's Groups in the Middle East, Dawn Chatty and Annika Rabo, eds. Oxford, U.K. and New York: Berg Publishing.

Rupp, Leila J. 1998. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton.

SARRC People's Forum. 1998. "Memorandum to the Standing Committee of the 10th SAARC Summit" at the Workshop, Combating Trafficking in Women and Children and Ensuring Food Security, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Sanlaap. 2001. Unpublished Annual Report for 2000-2001. Calcutta, India.

Sen, Ilina. 1990. "Introduction." Pp. 1-18 in A Space within the Struggle. Women's Participation in the People's Movements, Ilina Sen, ed. New Delhi, India: Kali for Women.

Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists beyond Border. Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Kumar, Radha. 1993. The History of Doing. An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women's Rights and Feminism in India, 1800-1990. New Delhi: Kali for Women.

Kuumba, Bahati M. 2001. Gender and Social Movements. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

Mahila Samakhya Karnataka. 1996. Beacons in the Dark. A Profile of Mahila Samakhya Karnataka. Bangalore: Mahila Samakhya Karnataka.

Mitra, Debarashmi. 2000. Trafficking in Women: A contemporary form of slavery in the era of globalization- with special reference to South Asia. Masters Thesis, School of Sociology and Social Policy, Roehampton, University of Surrey.

Moghadam, Valentine. 1996. "Feminist Networks North and South: DAWN, WIDE and WLUML." Journal of International Communication 3(1): 111-25

Moghadam, Valentine.2000a. Review Essay, "Globalization, Collective Action, and Social Theory." Sociological Forum 15(4): 721-25.

Moghadam, Valentine. 2000b. "Transnational Feminist Networks. Collective Action in an Era of Globalization." International Sociology 15(1): 57-85.

Nagaraja, Bhargavi. 1996. "Women and Development in Karnataka." Studies in Third World Societies 59:67-91

Omvedt, Gail. 1993. Reinventing Revolution. New Social Movements and the Socialist Tradition in India. London: East Gate.

Mohanty, Manoranjan. 1999. "Foreign Contributions to Voluntary Organizations in India." in Cross-border Philanthropy. An Exploratory Study of International Giving in the U.K., U.S., Germany, and Japan, Helmut K, Anheier and Regina List, eds. London: CAF.

Purkayastha, Bandana, Mangala Subramaniam, Manisha Desai, and Sunita Bose. 2003. The Study of Gender in India: A partial review. Gender and Society, 17(4): 503-24.

Purkayastha, Bandana and Mangala Subramaniam. forthcoming. "Introduction." in The Power of Women's Informal Networks. Lessons in Social Change from South Asia and West Africa, Bandana Purkayastha, and Mangala Subramaniam, eds. Lantham. MD: Lexington Books.

Chatty, Dawn, and Annika Rabo, eds. 1997. Organizing Women. Formal and Informal Women's Groups in the Middle East. Oxford, U.K. and New York: Berg Publishing.

Purushothaman, Sangeetha, Simone Purohit, and Bianca Ambrose-Oji. forthcoming. "The Informal Collective as a Space for Participatory Planning: The Peri-Urban Interface in Hubli Dharwad Twin City Area." in The Power of Women's Informal Networks. Lessons in Social Change from South Asia and West Africa, Bandana Purkayastha and Mangala Subramaniam, eds. Lantham, MD: Lexington Books.

Rai, Shirin M. 2002. Gender and the Political Economy of Development. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Rao, Nitya. 1996. "Empowerment through Organization. Women Workers in the Informal Sector." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 3(2): 171-197.

Ravindran, N.H., K.S. Murali, and K.C. Malhotra. 2000. Joint Forest Management and Community Forestry in India: An Ecological and Institutional Assessment. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH

Calman, Leslie J. 1992. Toward Empowerment: women and movement politics in India. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Cagatay, Nilufer, Caren Grown, and Aida Santiago. 1986. "Commentary. The Nairobi Women's Conference: Toward a Global Feminism?" Feminist Studies 12 (2) [Summer 1986]: 401-412

Coomaraswamy, Radhika. 1997. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geneva, Switzerland.

Desai, Ashwin. 2002. We are the Poors. Community Struggles in post-apartheid South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Vidyarthi, Lalita and Binay Rai. 2000. The Tribal Culture of India. New Delhi, Concept Publishing

Wolford, Wendy. 2003. "Families, Fields, and Fighting for Land: The Spatial Dynamics of Contention in Rural Brazil." Mobilization, 8 (2): 157-172.

Ferree, Myra Marx and Mangala Subramaniam. 2000. "The International Women's Movement at Century's End." Pp. 496-506 in Gender Mosaics: Social Perspectives, Danna Vannoy, ed. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing.

Government of India. 1997. Mahila Samakhya (Education for Women's Equality) Ninth Plan Document 1997-2002. Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi, India.

Government of India. Undated a. Mahila Samakhya (Education for Women's Equality). Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi, India.

Altink, Sietske. 1995. Stolen Lives: Trading Women into Sex and Slavery. London, UK: Scarlet Press.

Alvarez, Sonia. 1998. "Latin American Feminisms 'Go Global': Trends of the 1990s and Challenges for the New Millennium." Pp. 293-324 in Culture of Politics/Politics of Cultures: Revisioning Latin American Social Movements, Sonia Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino, and Arturo Escobar, eds. Boulder: Westview.

Alvarez, Sonia.2000. "Translating the Global Effects of Transnational Organizing on Local Feminist Discourses and Practices in Latin America." Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 1(1): 29-67.

Yin, Robert. 1989. (Rev. Ed.) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Srinivasan, Viji. 2001. "Adithi: Creating Economic and Social Alternatives." Pp. 86-95 in Women Resist Globalization: Mobilizing for Livelihoods and Rights, Sheila Rowbotham and Stephanie Linkogle, eds. London, U.K.: Zed Books.

Stienstra, Deborah. 2000. "Making Global Connections among Women, 1970-99." Pp. 62-82 in Global Social Movements, Robin Cohen and Shirin M. Rai, eds. London, U.K.: The Athlone Press.

Subramaniam, Mangala. 2001. Translating participation in informal organizations into empowerment: women in rural India. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Subramaniam, Mangala. 2003. "Capacity-building and Change: Women and Development in India," Women's Studies Quarterly, Special Issue on Women and Development, 31(3-4), forthcoming.

Tripp, Aili Mari. 2000. Women and Politics in Uganda. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

  • Download PDF